How to Write an Essay Sample With Creative Writing Tips

How to Write an Essay Sample With Creative Writing TipsTo write a conclusion of opinion essay samples is no simple task. It has to be created on your own and you should use creative approaches that will make you stand out from the crowd. The only way you can do this is to use different approaches in the order of your preference.When you write an essay samples, you have to know all the advantages that you will gain by following your own thought process. The good thing about writing a conclusion of opinion essay samples is that it offers you the opportunity to express your views in a more favorable manner. You can also take a step towards making it more interesting and more fascinating for the readers. These are just some of the ways you can use.The best way to start writing the conclusion of opinion essay samples is to start with what you want to say in the beginning. You need to know the purpose and the intent. This would help you in coming up with the best of ideas as well as a posi tive approach in which you will want to present the essay.A great idea could be that you could give details of a negative experience you have had with the person you are writing about. The better this can be written the better will be the conclusions that you can give.For example, if you want to present a conclusion of opinion essay samples with a great solution to a particular problem, then you can mention all the problems you have faced before or problems that you could come across at the time. You can also present a particular anecdote. You could also leave out the main points that need to be discussed and concentrate more on the anecdotes and incidents.Another idea when writing the conclusion of opinion essay samples could be to use humor. Humor can help you in making the essay more enjoyable to read and also provide more entertainment to the reader.So if you are looking for the best way to express yourself, the best solution is to give the end results. That is when you can also incorporate into your writing a bit of humor or a number of memorable story.

The Evolution Of Treatment For Drug Abuse Essay - 2361 Words

The Evolution of Treatment for Drug Abuse Since 1900 Early drug abuse treatment The use of heroin and morphine grew like wildfire after the successive extraction of morphine from the opium poppy around 200 years ago in Germany. The drug was the main painkiller and an excellent treatment for injuries. Bayer introduced heroin later 1874 and started distributing it commercially in 1898 (Courtwright Joseph, 1989). Heroin came from morphine extracts and was up to two times stronger than morphine. Early chemists thought that morphine was appropriate for effective treatment for alcohol and cocaine addiction, but eventually found out that it was more addictive than the two. The use of the drug during the Civil War as a stimulant and painkiller resulted to too many soldier addicts even at the end of the war. The soldiers spread the use of morphine and heroin to their neighborhoods until addiction to the drugs became a crisis (Joseph Dole, 1970). Early treatment of morphine and heroin started after the implementation of Harrison’s Act that restricted selling of medical drugs containing morphine to designated chemists and pharmacies (Musto, 1999). In 1919, treatment of morphine and heroin addiction was going on in the clinics that prescribed and dispensed these drugs (Gewirtz, 1969). Opioid treatment programs (OTP) included treatment for the two drugs since they have opioid as a common component and have the same effects on the human body. At the clinics, the cliniciansShow MoreRelatedDrug Policy And Funding Has Not Changed Much Over The Past Two Decades1505 Words   |  7 PagesDrug policy in America has not changed much over the past two decades, but according to Sacco (2014) â€Å"over the last decade, the United States has shifted its stated drug control policy toward a comprehensive approach; one that focuses on prevention, treatment and enforcement (p.1). 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Rebecca Riots free essay sample

However other historians, such as Graham Longster, do not agree with the above statement. Although the tax was reformed, the issues of poor living conditions and the wide spread poverty were not resolved or improved by the actions of the rioters. Historians who disagree with the statement that quotes the riots were a success, like Graham Longster, argue that the majority of welsh people were trapped in poverty by the mainly English land owners like the owners of the Turn Pike Trust, and that the riots should have been the beginning for wide scale change and improvement in living conditions. Wales as a whole in the 19th century was largely reliant on its coal and iron production which was a very lucrative business, however almost all of the profits went to the land and company owners such as Marquess of Bute. Due to this the workers were paid very low amounts, decreasing the overall living standards of welsh people. We will write a custom essay sample on Rebecca Riots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Early on in the 1830s, there were wide spread movements similar the Rebecca riots, proving that the riots were not an isolated incident. Movements like Chartism were popular, calling for bigger wide spread change, and in many cases this ended in violent protests Such as the Newport rising I 1939. Wales bore the brunt of the poverty, due to lack of jobs and poor wages for those few jobs, but England also had its fair share of uprisings, which again included Chartism. Large numbers of violent protests broke out due to the poverty and living conditions. The government were not showing any sign of solving the problem and revolution was being talked about. Protests in Wales became increasingly violent, a good example of this was the Merthyr rising in 1831, where the ironworkers and there families took control of the town for four days, the town was eventually took back by the use of large numbers of soldiers. I believe that this uprising captured the mood of the majority of people living in Great Britain at the time. The fact that a whole town held its own miniature revolution showed that the people and the times were beginning to get increasingly dispread for change. Society had changed and people of Britain wanted fast improvements by any means. At the time there were different views on the riots and how successful they were. The view by the Marxists (communist) was and is that the riots were a joke and so did not take them seriously; they promoted the idea that the only way for change was full political revolution. This believe is shadowed in the writings of modern day historian G A Williams and writing of Fredrich Engles (co-author of the communist manifesto), Who support the view that the Rebecca riots were unsuccessful and revolution is the only way to get political change. The other side of the argument is with the liberals and their views. The liberal view of the Rebecca riots is and was that they were a complete success as they achieved their goal in gaining an enquiry which ended in the reform of the toll gate tax, as appose to the chartists who did not achieve anything of significance. A modern day historian who supports this liberal view is David Williams, he argues that the reason the Rebecca riots were a success was due to the fact that the rioters got their goal as a result of peaceful means. To allow my final answer to the question to be accurate I will organise this essay in to two categories, which will allow me to find clear information. The first category will consist of sources that support the view that the riots were a success, and the second category will consist of sources that disagree with the main question and argue that the riots were a failure. I thought that I would start with a source written at the time to allow me to quickly understand the views held by Rebecca followers. I wish to give you notice, especially to those sworn in as constables in order to catch Becca and her children. I can assure you that it will be too hard for Bullin and company to finish the job that they began to keep the gates up at Llanfihangel and [? ]. Now take these few lines as information for you to watch yourselves, you that had any connection with Bullin, Messrs M. C. Lics, Mr Thomas Blue Boar. All your property shall be burned in one night if they will not obey this notice. Send away those vagabonds which you are favourable to. I always like to be plain in all my dealings with people. Is it a reasonable thing that they impose so much on the country, only picking the pockets of poor labours and farmers? All the gates that are on these small roads shall be destroyed. I am willing for the gates on the Queens Road to stand. It is a shameful thing for us Welshmen to have the sons of Hengist rule over us. Do you not remember the long knives which Hengist invented to kill our forefathers? You may depend on it, you shall receive the same if you will not give up when I visit you, and that shall be in a short time. Now I give an order to leave the place before I come, for I am determined that I will have my way. As for the constable and the policemen, Becca and her children pay no more attention to them than the grasshoppers which fly in the summer. There are others who are marked by Becca. They shall not be named now, but if they will not obey this notice, she shall call on them in a short time. Faithfull to Death with the county Becca amp; children Rebecca letter, 16 December 1842 Source1 The first source I have chosen to examine is a letter written at the time in 1842 by members of the Rebecca riots perhaps even Rebecca himself. The first point I would like to make is that the letter was actually written at all, during this time the vast majority of the population were very poorly educated most had no education at all, due to this not many people could read let along write, this tells me that the letter must have been written by a educated man, probably from a wealthy background as they were the only people who could afford an educated. It is not very likely in my opinion that a normal welsh farmer could have written this letter without help as the majority of them did not have the skills to do this. The letters content is mainly words of intimidation towards as the letter states â€Å"to those sworn in as constables in order to catch Becca and her children†. Also included in the letter is a reference to Hengist who was a Saxon king who in this context is used to describe the English. The name is used to tell of the welsh displeasure of a foreign power in this case England ruling over them. It is a shameful thing for us Welshmen to have the sons of Hengist rule over us† This is an excellent quote from the letter as it describes the hatred of the English rule over the welsh, the men writing this letter do not class the landowners as native to the land and class them more as invaders who should have no control over the people. The source is obviously biased towards the Rebecca rioters and therefore not ve ry reliable, although it does give me a good sense of the mood of the rioters. This source would be useful to both Marxist and liberal viewed historians, but I have chosen the next source to continue from the last one as I believe the differing dates at which they were written will allow them to contrast each other and allow me to see what the views were at the time and now. Source 2 Document 6 in WJEC source booklet, John Davies a history of Wales, 1991, an academic general survey - The source written by the modern day historian John Davis discusses the view that the â€Å"hatred of tollgates was the spark which ignited the protests†. This quote is in my opinion an accurate assumption of the overall protests, the vast majority of welsh people at this time were extremely poor and held farming as their full time occupation, in most cases farming was a families only source of income. English landowners and business men had increasingly taken advantage of the welsh people mainly through taxation and as quoted by John Davis the increase on the toll gate tax was the last straw, people wanted change as the taxation was crippling their life style as they had less money to improve or sustain their living conditions. The increase on the toll gates hit farmers hard financially as they need to use the roads to transport their goods to market and if they didn’t get to market no produce would be sold and no money brought in. The source seems to have no overall opinion of the riots, it has neither a liberal or Marxist view to it, and this is good as the source is unbiased. The reliability of this source is excellent as the writer is a professional modern day historian who would have researched the topic and looked at many sources to come to his view and what content he included. I have noticed a link between this source (source 2) and the previous one (source 1). Both sources argue about the increasing frustration and Source3 Document 3 in WJEC source booklet, the evidence of Mary Thomas, a tenant farmers wife, to the commission of enquiry, 1844. - The next source was evidence given by a Welsh farmer’s wife to the commission of inquiry in 1844. In extract the woman tells of her families hardship due to the large tithes she and many others like her have to pay. The woman states figures and prices and proves them with receipts showing the rate of increase in tithes, she tells the enquiry that eleven years ago her family paid ? 2. 50 and now they pay ? 8. 82 gives receipts as evidence. This alone tells me why these people were drove to violent means in the hope of reforming the taxation system that was being impressed on them and that had been for so many years. I believe this source to be very useful as it is of the time, and reliable as it is evidence in a government enquiry where everything said would have been professional and the truth. Although the source is likely to be biased in favour of the rioters views as this woman has suffered due to the taxation, she may have also been told what to say by other members on the side of the rioters in a bid to gain sympathy but also show the inquiry that the taxation was effecting modest families badly, the woman even goes as far as to say her husband does not drink beer and yet their family is still struggling to survive. The tone of her voice is heard at the end of the source â€Å"I am very sorry to trouble you† this is showing me that the woman was not enraged with anger but simply asking for help as her family are struggling and this is the impression that the people campaigning for change wanted to portray, they were not brutal thugs that went about burning toll gates but just simple average people asking for help. I have noticed a link between this source (source 3) and the previous one (source2). Both sources argue about the increasing frustration held by the people as tax rates increased and as more tax’s were imposed on them, Source 3 is good evidence of this and backs up the views held in source 2 written by modern day historian John Davis. Another point I would like to make is that the historian john Davis may have well used source 3 in his research that allowed him to come to his conclusion stated in source 2 as it is very good evidence of why people at the time turned to rioting. Also I believe the words and opinions of source 3 are echoed in the writings of source 2 which again backs up the idea of John Davis using source 2 in his research. The previous sources now lead into the next source that again backs up the view Rebecca was a success but also again links in with the previous sources, arguing that the riots were caused due to increasingly higher taxes that upset the traditional way of life for the Welsh people. Source 4 Document 9 WJEC source booklet, Graham Longster, 1987, a school history textbook. â€Å"Rebecca had been a protest against those hardships that seemed to have interfered with the traditional order of life in West Wales. It was a reaction against what was regarded as injustice and following the traditional custom of Ceffyl pren† - Ceffyl pren is referred to in this source; this was the traditional way of solving problems in Wales back when there was no police force. If the welsh people had a problem more often than not there was no one they could turn to, so the Welsh took matters into their own hands and held pretend trails aimed to embarrass and humiliate who ever was doing them wrong. The source describes the Rebecca riots as a fight against foreign ideas and even people who have interfered with the â€Å"traditional order of life in West Wales†. The view I get from reading this source is that Rebecca was the only way the welsh people could resolve the problem of the toll gates, They’re believe was the rich would help each other and would ignore any attempt to get reform through legal means. An important point I have noticed is that the Rebecca’s had stayed mostly peaceful during these protests reflecting the times of Ceffyl pren where the dealings were designed to disrepute and humiliate rather than kill, whether the leaders knew if they turned violent they would fail in their attempt for reform or it was just in their mentality is a another question but I believe that the leader of the Rebecca riots was an educated man who knew how to gain support and ultimately achieve their goal. This source is written by a well know historian Graham Longster in 1987 this tells me that the source is very reliable as he would have studied many sources and views before finalizing his view, Although the source in my opinion would be biased as he had written this when Margret Thatcher was in power imposing tough reforms for the UK and Wales in particular, this could cause some small resentment towards the government and upper classes. Graham Longster is a socialist viewed historian which is reflected in much of his work but in this segment his socialist view is not reflected, the reason for this is that it is out of context. From this source I have gained a good understanding of why the rioters took the methods they did in seeking their goal, They did what had been done for centuries, taking their problems into their own hands as no one else would help. There was a reason the rioters took matters into their own hands, this is because it had been proved that it worked in the years prior to the riots and therefore in their minds would work again, It was their tradition, for the majority of people it was the only way they knew to solve their problems, most people did not understand politics and resorted to methods that they understood and had been used successfully before. Source 5 A drawing of the Rebecca riots as depicted in the Paris magazine L’illustration 1843 Unlike the image depicted in source 2 this is not a cartoon, but an accurate drawing designed to replicate the feel and look of the Rebecca riots to the reader of the magazine, but what is important about this source is the fact it is taken from a French magazine at the time which instantly gives the impression of success. The riots had become international news and this could only have been the case if the riots were becoming more and more of a disruption to the government and even to daily life. The image depicts a strong sense of violence, for example there are many men with weapons engaging in conflict with what appear to business men or landowner, these examples in my opinion are making the rioters out to be barbaric like criminals where as the riots were largely peaceful. Another aspect I have spotted is the portrayal of Rebecca himself, he is depicted as a Napoleon like figure as he sits on his white horse inspiring his men, waving his sword. Another point to this drawing is it seems to display a woman laying on the ground who I believe to be a symbol of liberty, thus telling the eader that liberty is at threat of has been slain, What I cannot tell from the picture is whether or not the rioters are trying to save or avenge liberty or it is the other way round and liberty is at threat due to the riots. The source in my opinion is very useful as it is of the time and gives a different view of the riots from another country, but I would argue that the source is very pro re volution and therefore is biased against the upper classes and the illustrator might have over exaggerated some points like the violence. I believe that this source would be very useful to historian R T Jenkins as he describes the riots as â€Å"Becca was a commotion† which links in with this picture, the chaos of the picture backs up his statement, the use of this picture would be good evidence that would back up his statement. Source 5 is a hard one to place in respects of success of failure as it depicts some bad features of the riots next to successful ideas and views, the same can be said about source 6. For example the depiction of liberty in source 5 is outlined with a violent background consisting of armed men fighting thus showing the good and bad methods and views of the riots. Source 5 and 6 are closely linked as the fact that the riots became national and international news hits success but the violence featured on the images could be viewed and subsequently used as evidence for the riots becoming viewed as a failure. Source 6 A cartoon from the magazine Punch in 1843 - The next source I have chosen to analyse pictured above, is a cartoon representation of the Rebecca rioters. The cartoon was first published in 1843 by the popular magazine punch. This immediately gives me the impression that the Rebecca movement was now rising from a disorganised rabble that had little effect, to an organised group who were being more noticed and talked about. This single cartoon is evidence that the Rebecca movement was becoming national news and this would only have happened if the riots were causing considerable disruption to the toll gate companies. As a result the Rebecca movement were growing in strength of numbers and popularity among the welsh people. The cartoon features many underling issues such as tax’s and laws, but the picture also displays the prominent feature of the cause of the riots, this being the toll gates, the impression I get from deciphering this picture is that the people have been growing angry due to increasing laws and tax’s pilling up and the increase in tax on the toll gates was the last straw. As depicted on the cartoon the people are expressing their anger for all the issues that have built up over the years and are hoping to use the riots to abolish them. The creator of the cartoon has been very clever in adding details that are not very obvious, one of these being the faces one the gate supports. The faces are representing the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the home secretary. The message that the cartoonist is trying to portraying with these faces on the gate polls is that they are the men who are supporting all of these taxes especially the toll gate tax, they are the driving force behind them, and without them supporting the taxes and laws their belief is that the system would fall apart. This source is very biased towards the opposition to the Rebecca riots; it was printed at the time in England to portray the riots as barbaric and ghastly, the cartoon is trying to expel any sympathy for the rioters. Reliability is an issue as it is biased but it does give me a good insight of what people thought of the riots in 1843 as it was published at this time. Now the last two sources have hinted both the view Rebecca was a success and a failure, but the next source has a very negative view of the Rebecca riots which is unusual as the same historian John Davis had hinted towards the riots being a success in source 2. I believe this is due to the sources being taken out of context and also John Davis portraying both sides of the argument in order to get an accurate opinion of the riots. Source 7 John Davis, A History of Wales, 1991, an academic general survey. It is sometimes claimed that the Rebecca riots was a rural version of Chartism, There is some substance to the claim. Bitterness cause by the poor law amendment was a significant factor in both† â€Å"yet as R T Jenkins argued â€Å"Chartism was a truly political movement inspired by theory, Chartism was a plan, Becca was a commotion† John Davis discusses the similarities between the Rebecca riots and Chartism but in my opinion does tell some good points. The two were ca used largely due to upset involving the poor laws and the fact nothing was being done, no one would stand up and help these people. But after this he compares his theory with that of another historian R T Jenkins, Who describes the Rebecca riots as a commotion and Chartism as a political movement with a plan. I n my opinion this couldn’t be any further away from the truth as Chartism was a complete mess, There was the charter that included six points yes, but the way in which Chartism was run and organised is more like a commotion, for example there was no one true leader rather a number of leaders who fought, squabbled and would not work together. Now on the other hand Rebecca was organised with a true leader/figure head, someone that the rioters could connect with and admire. Sure the methods may have looked or even been a commotion, Burning gates, dressing up as women etc but these methods worked, the dressing up not only caused a mythical theme to the rioters but also kept the identities of the rioters a secret, saving many lives. The source is reliable as it was written by an academic historian who would have studied numerous sources, but the source does come across as very biased to the view that the Riots were a failure. I have found the next source very useful as it was written by Fredrich Engles who was the co-author of the communist manifesto, therefore given me a insight into how Marxists viewed the riots at the time instead of how they view the riots today, and I think it would be interesting to see if the same view was carried by Marxists both today and at the time. Source 8 â€Å" In 1843 disturbances broke out amongst the welsh peasantry, The men dressed in woman’s clothing fell in armed crowds upon the toll gates, destroyed them amongst great rejoice and firing of guns, wrote threatening letters and once so far as to storm the work house of Carmarthen. The poverty of the peasantry continues and will one day produce more serious manifestations than these humorous Rebecca masquerades† Fredrich Engles, condition of the working class in England 1845 An important factor of this source is who it was written by. Fredrich Engles was a co-author of the communist manifesto alongside Karl Marx in 1848, although the source was written before he co-authored the communist manifesto he still would have held a Marxist view and subsequently thought the only way to get reform was trough total political revolution. The tone of his writing suggests that he is looking down on the rioters; the way in which he describes the events â€Å"The men dressed in women’s clothing fell in armed crowds upon the toll gates† almost brings a snigger to my mouth. It is like he is picturing a ramble of children instead of a group of grown men. Another point he makes is that the riots didn’t change anything in his mind; he goes on to tell of the continuing poverty of the peasants but does not mention the success they had with reforming the toll gate tax which was their goal from the start. He believes that one day a more serious organisation or cause will pick up what the Rebecca riots sparked, total revolution due to poverty, and he was right looking at Russian during the early 20th century. The last point I would like to make is his use of the word â€Å"humorous† he has no respect for the rioters in my opinion and does not acknowledge their problems and the way in which they solved them as a beginning to what he so desperately craves, revolution, the abolishment of upper-class rule. I believe this source to been of great use to an historian and me in answering the question stated at the begging of the essay. I find it useful to see what people who held Marxists views thought of the riots at the time and now in modern day, and if they saw them as a success or failure. In conclusion, after deciphering these numerous sources, it is my opinion that the Rebecca riots as a whole were a complete success as they achieved the goal they set out for. This goal, a modest one at that, was the reform of the toll gate tax. After the riots had come to an end due to the famers of West Wales turning from violent to more peaceful forms of protests and strong punishments meted out by the authorities the government at the time 1843 issued a full commission of enquiry to tackle the grievances put forward by the Welsh people. The enquiry quickly found many grievances that were unjust and need to be tackled, such as the miss management of funds by the turn pike trust. The enquiry came to its results in 1844 and issued a number of recommendations to the government which included the introduction of equal tolls. In august 1844 the government accepted these recommendations and past them as laws. As a result the roads in south Wales were some of the best in Britain. The question stated at the start of the essay included the statement Rebecca succeeded because it solved many of the under lying grievances which it did, but the opposition to this view argue that Rebecca didn’t go far enough, living conditions and poverty went unchanged and the way in which the government or authorities were run went unchanged. I believe that this â€Å"Rebecca didn’t go far enough† is totally wrong as Rebecca only achieved its goal due to the fact it didn’t ask too much, too soon. If this was the case then I believe that Rebecca would have failed as Chartism did, Chartism wanted quick, extensive change and this was too much, although Chartism was asking for the morally correct system that we use today, They wanted it all at once, which I believe is the main reason Chartism failed. Rebecca was successful as they were well organised and wanted effective change that was gradual. All the historians that I have researched and quoted during the answering of the first question have all made compelling arguments and put forward good idea’s, backed up with evidence but the historian I agree with the most and have researched to come to my final conclusion is John Davis, he argues in source two that â€Å"hatred of tollgates was the spark which ignited the protests†. I link this statement to Chartism as well as the Rebecca riots, the sense I get from it is all these large protests were born out of a common hatred held by many, towards a common goal.

Work Safety Booklet free essay sample

The assessment and identification of hazards in the workplace is important to help manage risks to employees. Employees and clients have duties and obligations under work health and safety legislation to ensure so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of all workers and other persons in the workplace. There are various ways in which we identify hazards to ensure the ongoing assessment and control of risks in the workplace and this includes workplace risk assessments which are completed on a regular basis. These assessments include a review of an employee’s workplace safety management system including policies, procedures, safe work procedures, equipment and environment. 2. Risk Control Measures 2. 1 Identify occupational hazards/Manage Risks to health and safety Employees must identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to risks to health and safety. They should eliminate these risks to health and safety and if in the event the risk cannot be eliminated, they must minimise those risks as is reasonably practicable. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Safety Booklet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. 2 Hierarchy of Risk Control Measures In circumstances where it is not reasonable practicable for an employee to eliminate risks to health and safety, an employee is required to minimise those risks by doing one of more of the following: * Wholly or partly substitute the hazard giving rise to the risk with something less risky * Isolating the hazard from any person exposed to it * Implementing engineering controls such as physical barriers If the hazard then remains, the employee must minimise the remaining hazard by implementing administrative controls. Administrative controls include work methods, processes and procedures put in place to minimise the hazard. . 3 Reporting Occupational Hazards All employees shall be responsible for working to their capabilities, experiences and ability. They must ensure all work is performed in accordance with the requirements of the OHS policy, procedures and legislation and take reasonable care for their own health and safety as well as that of others. Whilst every attempt is made to place employees in a safe workplace, we recognise that accidents do occur and that hazards may still exist. In the event that a hazard occurred, the employee must report all identified hazards, accidents and near misses to their Manager. The early reporting of incidents, injuries and hazards is encouraged with all employees no matter how minor the incident or hazard is. Early reporting allows us to effectively manage the incident and also to help ensure that controls are implemented to prevent further injury or harm. The employee must assist where appropriate, in the investigation of accidents and incidents by being proactively involved in the consultation process and complying with all relevant OHS laws, policies, procedures and workplace safety instructions issued. 3. Working at External locations Work Health and Safety regulations requires disability service providers to manage the risks to health and safety associated with remote and isolated work including the provision of a system of work that includes effective communication with the worker. Working at external locations encompasses two main areas, working in the homes of clients and working in public areas. Disability service workers often confront additional risks when working in public places and client’s homes as these environments are less predictable than centre-based environments. Use the â€Å"working at external locations risk assessment checklist† attached on the next page in managing external working situations. Before the visit, make sure your supervisor knows where you are going and leave crucial information such as the name and address of who you are visiting, time and length of visit, agreed alarm password, any change to your timetable and your proposed route. Also check that your mobile phone is on, has battery and is working. When travelling to and from the client’s home, keep the car doors locked while driving, have enough petrol, do not walk in deserted places and walk in the centre of the footpath. When you arrive at the visit, be observant, do not enter if there are any potentially aggressive animals, check the locking mechanism on the gates and before knocking, listen for arguments or anything that may make the situation unsafe. After your visit, report any incident to your supervisor or manager, document incidents in the client notes, report to the office regularly and ensure you and your manager have designated call intervals if you don’t return on time. These steps are fundamental in working safely at external locations. If at any time a client’s circumstances change, you should discuss the changes with a supervisor to have another risk assessment completed. Working at External Locations Risk Assessment Checklist Risk Areas| Risk Present| Actions/considerations| The Length of Time the Person may be Working Alone| | | * How long allocated for each job? | | | * Is it a reasonable time for the person to be alone? | | | * Is it reasonable for the person to be alone at all? | | | The Time of Day when a Person may be Working Alone| | | Is there increased risk at certain times of day? | | | Communication| | | * What forms of communication does the person have access to? | | | * Is voice communication essential for the safety of the person? | | | * Will the emergency communication system work properly in all situation? | | | * If communication systems are vehicle-based, what arrangements are there to cover the person when he or she is away from the vehicle? | | | The Location of the Work| | | * Is the work in a remote location? | | | * What is the form of transport? Employee/volunteers hold valid driver’s licences for the class of vehicles and licences are recorded and verified annually| | | | Vehicle records of registration, insurance, fuel, mileage and servicing and parts replacement are maintained and regularly checked| | | | A roadside assistance scheme such as NRMA is in place for all facility vehicles| | | | Prior to leaving base, drivers check fuel levels and visually inspect tyres| | | | Vehicles are routinely serviced and a fault mechanism is in place| | | | Random checks are conducted for vehicle condition and safety| | | | A crash kid is kept in each facility vehicle with nstructions a report card, first aid advice, and emergency telephone numbers| | | | A crash reporting and investigation system is in place| | | | A crash database is in place| | | | Crash test ratings and safety devices are considered prior to vehicle purchase or lease such as dual front seat airbags, side airbags in driver seat, anti-lock breaking systems, three-point seatbelts, adjustable head rests| | | | Passenger safety issues are considered in bus purchase or lease, such as hydraulic devices, fold down steps and handles to assist passengers to get on and off, secure wheelchair storage and shopping storage, seatbelts, sufficient room between seats and slip resistant steps and floor surfaces| | | | Cargo barriers in place in station wagons and hatchbacks| | | | Considering wiring daytime running headlights to the ignition| | | | Heavy or bulky freight stored in boot or separated from passengers by cargo barriers| | | | Procedures in place for drivers of vehicles, such as speed limits, fatigue management, alcohol and drug use| | | | Consider equipping vehicles with first aid kids, fire extinguishers, safety triangles and safety vests| | | | Consider driving p erformance review as part of work performance review| | | | Transporting clients| Yes| No| Comment/Action | Client profile is assessed prior to transport and if necessary an additional escort is provided| | | | Drivers who are not familiar with the client should be provided with information regarding the client so that they are aware of physical and behavioural limitations| | | | Drivers use the curb side lane so that they can pull over easily in an emergency| | | | Means of emergency communication are accessible in vehicle| | | | Drivers are trained in emergency procedures such as pull over, immobilise car, retreat to safe place and call for back up| | | | Clients are not seated directly behind the driver| | | | Potential weapons such as cigarette lighters, are removed and objects such as fire extinguishers are stored in the boot| | | | Employees and volunteers who regularly transport clients are trained in first aid| | | | Drivers are aware of location of medical centres and emergency departments in areas where they are transporting clients| | | | Clients wear seatbelts| | | | Childproof locks are used when transporting children and clients with dementia| | | | Ensure that employees and volunteers who transport clients in private vehicles have comprehensive insurance and notify their insurance company of the activity| | | | Employees and volunteers are trained in manual handling techniques specific to moving people with physical limitations or disabilities and equipment such as wheelchairs, in and out of vehicles| | | | 5. Client aggression and violence Workplace violence is defined as any incident where a worker or manager is abused, threatened or assaulted in situations related to their work. Client related violence is described as violence or aggression displayed by a client of a service, towards the workers, when trying to provide support services to the client. Workplace violence includes acts such as physical assault, including spitting, verbal abuse or threats, threats with a weapon, sexual assault, robbery and vandalism. The main objective when dea ling with client aggression and violence is to prevent the behaviours in a positive way. Violent or aggressive behaviour on the part of a client in the workplace may result from both client and worker related issues: * Communication difficulties eg inability to express needs verbally to carers * Health problems eg physical illness, pain * Fear eg not being informed of changes * Environment eg amount of people, noise levels * Emotional, psychological, psychiatric eg feelings of frustration or depression * Poor self esteem * Experience of abuse * Limited knowledge or lack of information provided to workers about triggers for individual clients * Unsuitable workplace practices * Poor match between worker skills and client needs * Behaviour support plan not updated or followed Client related violence in the workplace may be minimised by: * Thorough assessment procedures with new clients * Workers trained, supported and following behaviour support plans * Client management/individual plans updated and reviewed regularly * Reassessment procedures if client circumstances change * Provision to clients and their carers of information about rights and responsibilities to behave in an appropriate manner * Matching of skills and abilities of workers to client needs * Provision of information and training to workers as part of induction and ongoing training programs * Adequate staffing levels * Appropriate client placement The action you take in the event of client related violence will depend on a number of factors. A useful strategy for assessing a situation is by using the THREAT model T| Do I feel threatened? | H| Am I hidden? | R| Am I at Risk? | E| Is there an Escape Route? | A| Can I raise the Alarm? | T| Am I working at a risky Time? | The earlier potential aggressive behaviour is identified, the greater likelihood of successfully de-escalating violence and keeping everyone safer. It is important to remain as calm as possible and know your options. You should leave the situation when you feel * you do not have the skill to deal with the situation * your deescalating attempts are not working * you endanger others by staying when you are alone with an actively aggressive or violent client If the situation is moving towards physical violence, without putting your own safety at risk, try to reason with the client using non-confrontational language, and utilise the client’s management plan fo r the behaviour. Do not try to physically stop them damaging property and do not try to restrain the individual. Be ready to leave if you cannot de-escalate the client’s behaviour and there is risk of physical harm or lives are at risk. You may have to call the police. Example of Violent incident report form 6. Emergency Procedures In the event of a fire or bomb threat or any other emergency, safe evacuation of yourself and others around you, from the source of the emergency is the main priority. Type of Emergency| Response Procedures| Fire/smoke| -Close all doors and windows to isolate spread of fire and smoke-Investigate the cause of the burning/smoke smell-Rescue/move persons in immediate danger to safety-If fire has not been confirmed, warn others in the area but do not shout â€Å"fire†-Report to supervisor or manager when you discover the smell of smoke -If fire has been confirmed, rescue/move persons in immediate danger to safety-break glass alarm and push button-report emergency to supervisor immediately-if safe to do so, extinguish fire-call 000 for fire brigade services-ensure staff members proceed to main entrance and follows evacuation route-ensure prompt and orderly removal of patients and visitors| Bomb threat by phone, mail or person on site| -do not use mobile phones, cellular phones or two way radios for communication in the threat areaIf you are the recipient of the call, do not interrupt and do not hand up at end of call-let caller finish message-keep responses to one or two words only- tr y to pass message to co-worker without alerting caller or causing panic-try to keep caller in conversation. Be sympathetic and ask for repeats of the conversation-stress that there will not be time to evacuate all patients from the area-stress innocent victims present-take note of the timeIf you are the recipient of the mail, take particular time and method of receipt of the item-keep item but minimise handling and handle by edges only-immediately notify supervisor or manager-be available for police interview when required If threat is on site, evaluate the person making the threat:-is the person complaining about the workplace or particular staff? -is the person under the influence of alcohol or other drugs? -was the threat made in a joking manner? -take particular not of appearance, clothing, ge and identifying marks-immediately notify supervisor who will call 000- be available for police interviewAvoid panicEvacuate all persons to safe area as advisedEnsure no persons return to danger area until all clear given from emergency servicesBomb search is not mandatory but is desirable -do not touch any suspect item found-always search in pairs-listen to any sound out of character| 7. Manual Handling Manual handling is any lifting, moving, pushing, or pulling that requires a worker to exert physically activity. Manual handling hazards A hazard is something with the potential to cause injury or disease to people, damage to property, or disruption to productivity. Hazards arise from the workplace environment, such as the use of plant and equipment, poor work design, inappropriate systems and procedures, or human behaviour. Examples of manual handling hazards in the aged care and disabilities sectors can include: * Lifting tasks such as moving a person in bed, assisting to stand, transferring to a chair or wheelchair and lifting objects * Pushing/pulling tasks, such as pushing trolleys and wheelchairs, moving shower chairs, and dressing clients * Carrying trays and other items * Reaching and postural tasks such as feeding a person and showering * Restraining tasks The risk factors for manual handling are influenced by: * Postures adopted * Movement undertaken Forces exerted * Environmental conditions such as underfoot conditions, lighting and heat * Duration and frequency of the task In people handling, the risk is also affected by: * The ability of client to support/control part/whole of the body * Predictability in movement or behaviour * Res istive or aggressive behaviour * Pain levels * The clients ability to follow instructions * Any equipment attached to the client eg catheters, IVs etc * Client clothing There are a number of ways to identify manual handling hazards, including: Check injury/hazard reports Check injury, incident and hazard reports for injuries or hazards related to manual handling. Consult with employees, supervisors and health safety representatives It is important to ask a range of employees to take into account different levels of experience and physical characteristics. Consultation should include: a) Asking employees about which manual handling tasks they consider may lead to physical strain b) Talking to supervisors about any difficulties they are aware of that staff have experienced carrying our manual handling tasks c) Consulting with health and safety representatives on manual handling problems that they have become aware of as part of their functions Look at tasks Carry out workplace inspections and identify any relevant contributing factors eg slippery floors and observe the manual handling tasks Collect information From checking injury/hazard reports, asking other people in the workplace and looking at the tasks you can collect information on a) Tasks performed, eg changing a tyre b) Age and gender distribution of those injured through manual handling c) Occupation, department or section of those injured or involved in the manual handling d) Geographical location where the injury or complaint occurred, tupe of injury e) Any other relevant information Look for trends From the collected information, identify trends or common problems by sorting it into the categories listed in the above section. For tasks – trends may show the presence or lack of risk factors across the various activities that comprise a task. For occupations, departments or sections – trends may show risk factors in a range of activities done by people working in these areas. A high number of accidents or complaints for an occupational group may also indicate a greater likelihood of injury. For age and gender categories – trends may indicate particular employee groups who are most at risk. For locations – trends may indicate problems from lack of space, poor lighting or uneven work surfaces For types of injuries – trends may highlight that the injuries are cumulative in nature. Check injury/hazard reports, check injury, incident and hazard reports for injuries or hazards related to manual handling. Statistics issued by the Australian Safety amp; Compensation Council * The most common injury of all serious claims was sprains of joints and adjacent muscles * Manual handling mechanisms (body stressing) were the cause of 41% of all serious claims with 18% lifting objects and 15% handling objects * The most common claim from manual handling was with Falls (13%) * Every year in NSW approximately 17,000 people are seriously injured or suffer from illness related to manual handling 8. Infection Control Staff and volunteers may be exposed to infectious diseases as part of their work due to the undertaking of personal care or cleaning activities or due to the close proximity to clients. Infectious diseases can be defined as â€Å"a disease that can be transmitted from person to person or from organism to organism and is caused by viruses and bacteria. † They may cause short term illness such as a cold or a longer term condition such as hepatitis. Compliance with standard precautio ns has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of exposure. A high standard of personal hygiene is essential and the following practices should apply to all workers and other persons: * Hands must be washed after contact with blood and body fluids/substances and before eating, drinking or smoking * A mild liquid hand wash with no added substances which may cause irritation or dryness should be used for routine hand washing * To minimize chapping of hands, use warm water and pat hands dry rather than rubbing them * Liquid hand wash dispensers with disposable cartridges including disposable dispensing nozzle are preferable to refillable containers which may predispose to bacterial colonization * Repeated hand washing and wearing of gloves can cause irritation or sensitivity leading to dermatitis or allergic reactions. This can be minimized by early intervention including assessment of hand washing technique and the use of suitable individual use hand creams * Water impermeable gloves must be readily available to all workers and worn when likely to be expose to blood or other body fluids or contaminated materials. The wearing of gloves substantially reduces the risk of hands being contaminated with blood and other body fluids. Hands must be washed and dried immediately after removing gloves as gloves cannot guarantee the prevention of skin contamination and they may not remain intact during use * Gloves should be removed and replaced once the specific task is finished * Waterproof aprons or gowns should be worn when clothing may be contaminated * Surgical marks and protective eye wear should be worn where eyes and or mucous membranes may be exposed to splashed or sprayed blood or other body fluids * Cuts of abrasions on any part of a workers body must be covered with waterproof dressing at all times 9. Employee Duty of Care 10. 1 What is my duty of care as an employee? All employees have a general duty of care to ensure their own safety and health at work. They also have a general duty of care towards others, to ensure their own actions or inactions do not put others’ safety or health at risk. The duty of care applies to anyone who can reasonably be foreseen as likely to be injured by an act or omission. This means you not only have to work safely yourself but you must also ensure that your actions do not affect the safety or health of others. You are also obliged to remove or report any unsafe conditions you see in the workplace. Unsafe acts by others must also be stopped or reported if necessary. 10. 2 How careful do I have to be? You must take the amount of care a reasonable person would be expected to observe. Basic principles are that, firstly, the standard of care required would rise with the seriousness of the injury that could result from carelessness. Secondly, the greater the likelihood of injury, the greater the care that should be taken to avoid it. And thirdly, the easier it is to avoid injury, the more reasonable it is to expect that appropriate measures will be taken to ensure no injuries occur. 10. 3 Who do I have a duty of care towards? The principle of having a duty of care applies to all workers, supervisors, managers and employers at all levels including corporations. It is aimed at preventing anyone from being killed, injured, or contracting an illness because of conditions in the workplace. Under the legislation, gross negligence occurs if offenders knew their contravention of the Act was likely to cause death or serious harm to a person to whom they owned a duty of care, and they acted – or failed to act – in disregard of that likelihood, resulting in death or serious harm to that person. 10. 4 What must I do if I see something wrong happening? Every person working must immediately report to their supervisor any potentially serious occurrence that arises in connection with their work as well as any situation they believe could be a hazard. In turn, the supervisor must immediately advise the manager of the report. This includes near-misses as well as actual hazards. Any injury suffered must be reported to ensure action is taken and to prevent further injury by similar hazards. 10. Work health and safety legislation and Codes of Practice New work health and safety (WHS) laws commenced in NSW on 1 January 2012. The WHS laws replaced the occupational health and safety (OHS) laws in NSW. From 1 January 2012, WorkCover administers and provides advice on the: * Work Health and Safety Act 2011 * Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011. The WHS Act sets out the legal obligations that must be complied with to provide for the health and safety of works. The aim is to provide all workers in Australia with the same standard of health and safety protection regardless of the work they do or where they work. The WHS Regulations specify the way in which some duties under the WHS Act must be met and prescribes procedural or administrative requirements to support the WHS Act. Codes of Practice provide practical guidance on how to meet the standards set out in the WHS Act and the WHS Regulations. Codes of Practice are admissible in court proceedings as evidence of whether or not duty under the WHS laws has been met. They can also be referred to by an inspector when issuing an improvement or prohibition notice. It is recognised that equivalent or better ways of achieving the required work health and safety outcomes may be possible. For that reason, compliance with the Codes of Practice is not mandatory providing that any other method used provides an equivalent or higher standard of work health and safety than suggested by the Code of Practice. 11. Record keeping and filling in forms Employers are required to keep health and safety records organised and available for reference. Examples of documentation include training activities, first aid treatments, and incident investigations. Written records and statistics can help: * Identify trends for unsafe conditions or work practices so you can take steps to correct these potential hazards * Provide material for education and training * Provide documentation in case a WorkSafe NSW officer requests it or if an incident occurs and you need to prove that you did all you could reasonably to prevent it Maintain records and statistics for the following: You must keep records of consultation on safety matters with your workers * Health and safety program reviews can help you track the progress of your program * Worker orientation records can help ensure that workers are getting the education and training they need * Inspection reports can provide historical information about hazards your b usiness has encountered and how you have dealt with them * Monthly meeting records can help monitor how promptly and how well â€Å"action items† have been carried out * Incident investigation reports can clarify which hazards have caused incidents and how they were controlled * First aid assessments can help determine the first aid requirements for your workplace * First aid records can provide injury statistics that will help prioritise health and safety efforts Statistics that may be of value include the following: * Number of incidents and injuries each year * Number of workdays lost each year Cost to your business from workplace injuries each year In all work places and industries you have to fill in forms. Forms are a way for management to gather information and find out what is going on. Types of forms include: hazard reports, first aid reports, records of illness or injury, timesheets, and shift handover reports are some examples to name a few. Tips for filling in for ms: * Look at the whole form first before you start writing to give you an idea of what you have to write * Do the short bits you know first * You don’t have to write in sentences. Dot points will do * You need to read the questions carefully * Your writing must be clear so others can read it * Check your spelling

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Given Elderly Care essays Care Giving Networks Variations by Marital Status To define what a care giving network is, would be to say that it is the care for elderly persons based on how an elderly is taken care of, and by whom they are given the care from. So many factors affect this situation though. Situations that may depend on this decision may include marital status, age, and what not. The information at hand though, is how marital status affects the decision on care for these elderly. This kind of information leads to some formulated hypotheses. The first of three hypotheses is the task-specificity hypothesis, then the substitution hypothesis, and finally supplementation. It has been formed universally though that these three hypotheses have been known to play a factor in the characteristics found in marital status, that have lead to the specific care giving hypothesis types. The supplementation hypothesis is one that is in regards to formal care given and influenced by informal support. The informal caregivers range from mediators, referrals, or gatekeepers to the formal system. The primary care giver is taken from some sort of informal support network. These support networks correspond as links between the elderly person receiving care and the formal system of care. This hypothesis was taken from Andersens model of health service distribution. It has been shown that more involved and influential family members are also more involved in the care giving itself. Still, the use of in home nursing and more formal services are rendered more than the informal care. The task-specify hypothesis explains the different functions provided by family, formal helpers, friends, in the support of providing care. This hypothesis takes a look at the connection between the relationships of actors and people outside the receiver of care giving. The hypothesis looks at the lifestyles, the contact, the ...

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